«Аномалии мочевыделительной системы»

Urinary System Anomalies

Urinary system anomalies refer to deviations from the normal structure and function of the organs involved in the formation and elimination of urine. These anomalies can be congenital or acquired and can range from mild to severe conditions, impacting the health of the patient.

Types of Urinary System Anomalies

1. Congenital Anomalies: Congenital anomalies develop while in the womb and may be detected immediately after birth or later during development. They include:
2. Kidney Structural Abnormalities: These can include extra kidneys, abnormal kidney positioning, or underdeveloped or absent kidneys.
3. Ureteral Anomalies: For example, abnormal connections between the ureters and bladder or incomplete ureter fusion.
4. Bladder Abnormalities: This may include bladder diverticulum, additional compartments, or other structural changes.
5. Urethral Anomalies: Conditions like hypospadias (where the urethra does not end at the tip of the penis), epispadias, or strictures (narrowing).
6. Acquired Anomalies: Acquired anomalies may result from diseases, injuries, or other factors like infections, inflammations, tumors, and other disorders. Examples include:
7. Kidney Stones: The formation of stones in the kidneys or urinary tract, which can cause blockages or inflammation.
8. Urinary Tract Infections: Chronic infections, such as cystitis or pyelonephritis, can lead to structural changes in the urinary system.
9. Urinary Tract Tumors: Cancer of the kidneys, bladder, or other parts of the urinary system.
10. Kidney Function Decline: Chronic kidney failure, which can lead to complete kidney dysfunction.

Causes and Risk Factors for Urinary System Anomalies

• Genetic Predisposition: Hereditary diseases or anomalies can be the cause of congenital abnormalities.
• Toxic Substances and Medications: Certain drugs or chemicals may cause developmental disorders in the urinary system.
• Infections: Infections, particularly during pregnancy, can affect the development of urinary organs in the fetus.
• Poor Diet or Vitamin Deficiency: Lack of certain vitamins and minerals may lead to urinary system problems.

Diagnosis of Urinary System Anomalies

The diagnosis of urinary system anomalies involves the following methods:

• Ultrasound (US): The main diagnostic method for anomalies in the kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract.
• MRI and CT: For more detailed examination of the urinary system organs.
• Cystoscopy: A method that allows the bladder and urethra to be examined using an endoscope.
• Blood and Urine Tests: To detect infections, inflammations, and other abnormalities.

Treatment of Urinary System Anomalies

Treatment depends on the type of anomaly and its severity. It may include:

• Conservative Treatment: Medication, physiotherapy, and dietary adjustments.
• Surgical Intervention: To correct structural anomalies or remove tumors.
• Dialysis or Kidney Transplantation: In cases of severe kidney function decline.

Early detection and treatment of urinary system anomalies help prevent serious complications and maintain the patient’s health.