Hematomas: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What are Hematomas?

A hematoma is a collection of blood outside of blood vessels, usually caused by injury or trauma. It occurs when blood leaks from damaged blood vessels and accumulates in the surrounding tissues. Hematomas can form anywhere in the body, but they are most commonly seen in the skin, muscles, or internal organs. Depending on their location and severity, hematomas can be minor or serious, and their treatment may vary accordingly.

Causes of Hematomas

• Trauma or Injury. A blow or fall that damages blood vessels can result in bleeding under the skin or within body tissues, leading to a hematoma.
• Fractures. Bone fractures, particularly in the ribs or skull, can cause blood vessels to rupture, leading to hematomas forming around the injured area.
• Blood Clotting Disorders. Individuals with conditions such as hemophilia or vitamin K deficiency may experience spontaneous hematomas due to difficulty in blood clotting.
• Medical Procedures. Certain medical procedures, such as injections, surgeries, or catheter insertions, can lead to hematomas at the site of the procedure.
• Medications. Blood thinners or anticoagulants, such as warfarin, can increase the risk of hematomas, even after minor injuries.

Symptoms

• Swelling. The affected area may appear swollen, raised, or bruised due to the accumulation of blood.
• Discoloration. The hematoma may cause the skin to change color, starting with a red or purple hue and progressing to blue, green, or yellow as it heals.
• Pain and Tenderness. Hematomas can be painful to the touch, especially when the area is pressed or moved.
• Limited Movement. In the case of muscle or joint hematomas, movement in the affected area may be limited due to swelling or discomfort.
• Headache. Hematomas in the head region may cause headaches, dizziness, or nausea, particularly if the injury was severe.

Treatment Methods

• Ice and Compression. Applying ice to the affected area within the first 24-48 hours can help reduce swelling. Compression bandages can also provide support and help prevent further blood buildup.
• Elevation. Elevating the injured area can help reduce swelling, especially in limbs or extremities affected by hematomas.
• Pain Relief. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can be used to alleviate discomfort and reduce inflammation.
• Rest. Resting the affected area and avoiding activities that might worsen the hematoma can aid in the healing process.
• Draining. In some cases, particularly with large or painful hematomas, a doctor may need to drain the blood accumulation to prevent complications and promote healing.
• Medical Treatment. For severe or internal hematomas, especially those caused by trauma or blood clotting disorders, medical treatment such as surgery or blood transfusions may be required.